Bigotry & Hate
Bigotry is "obstinate or intolerant devotion to one's own opinions and prejudices." It is closed mindedness to reason and evidence contrary to one's dogmatically held beliefs. In particular, bigotry involves unjust discrimination against people on the basis of unwarranted or false beliefs.
Hate speech includes forms of "expression whose dominant purpose is to insult or denigrate members of a social group identified by such characteristics as race, ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation, or to arouse enmity or hostility against them" (Sumner, 2009, pp. 208–9).
There is "no ‘hate speech’ exception to the First Amendment" (Volokh, 2015).
Hate crimes - the U.S. Department of Justice:
"Under the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, people cannot be prosecuted simply for their beliefs. People may be offended or upset about beliefs that are untrue or based upon false stereotypes, but it is not a crime to express offensive beliefs, or to join with others who share such views. However, the First Amendment does not protect against committing a crime, just because the conduct is rooted in philosophical beliefs."
"The term 'hate' can be misleading. When used in a hate crime law, the word 'hate' does not mean rage, anger, or general dislike. In this context 'hate' means bias against people or groups with specific characteristics that are defined by the law.
At the federal level, hate crime laws include crimes committed on the basis of the victim’s perceived or actual race, color, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, or disability...
The 'crime' in hate crime is often a violent crime, such as assault, murder, arson, vandalism, or threats to commit such crimes. It may also cover conspiring or asking another person to commit such crimes, even if the crime was never carried out."
Sumner, L. (2009). Incitement and the regulation of hate speech in Canada. In I. Hare & J. Weinstein (Eds.), Extreme speech and democracy (pp. 204–220). Oxford University Press.
Volokh, E. (2015, May 7). No, there’s no ‘hate speech’ exception to the First Amendment. Washington Post.
Hate speech includes forms of "expression whose dominant purpose is to insult or denigrate members of a social group identified by such characteristics as race, ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation, or to arouse enmity or hostility against them" (Sumner, 2009, pp. 208–9).
There is "no ‘hate speech’ exception to the First Amendment" (Volokh, 2015).
Hate crimes - the U.S. Department of Justice:
"Under the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, people cannot be prosecuted simply for their beliefs. People may be offended or upset about beliefs that are untrue or based upon false stereotypes, but it is not a crime to express offensive beliefs, or to join with others who share such views. However, the First Amendment does not protect against committing a crime, just because the conduct is rooted in philosophical beliefs."
"The term 'hate' can be misleading. When used in a hate crime law, the word 'hate' does not mean rage, anger, or general dislike. In this context 'hate' means bias against people or groups with specific characteristics that are defined by the law.
At the federal level, hate crime laws include crimes committed on the basis of the victim’s perceived or actual race, color, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, or disability...
The 'crime' in hate crime is often a violent crime, such as assault, murder, arson, vandalism, or threats to commit such crimes. It may also cover conspiring or asking another person to commit such crimes, even if the crime was never carried out."
Sumner, L. (2009). Incitement and the regulation of hate speech in Canada. In I. Hare & J. Weinstein (Eds.), Extreme speech and democracy (pp. 204–220). Oxford University Press.
Volokh, E. (2015, May 7). No, there’s no ‘hate speech’ exception to the First Amendment. Washington Post.